Canine diabetes is a complex metabolic disorder caused by multiple factors and is characterized by insulin deficiency or impaired insulin leading to carbohydrate intolerance and abnormal protein and fat metabolism. Most cases of canine diabetes are insulin-dependent diabetes (type 1 diabetes), while non-insulin-dependent diabetes (type 2 diabetes) is extremely rare. Diabetes occurs in most dogs between the ages of 4 and 14, with the highest incidence occurring between the ages of 7 and 9. The incidence rate in females is twice that of males.

Causes of canine diabetes

①Hereditary factors: Diabetes-prone breeds include Kensington hounds, poodles, Cairn terriers and small Pinschers. In addition, breeds such as poodles, miniature schnauzers, Labrador retrievers, Lhasa apsos, Siberian huskies and Yorkshire terriers are prone to the disease.

② Other causes of disease: immune-mediated insulitis, pancreatitis, obesity, infection, complications, drug-induced (such as adrenal glucocorticoids) and islet amyloidosis, etc. Clinical Symptoms of Canine Diabetes Common symptoms of diabetes include polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia and weight loss. Polydipsia and polyuria only occur when high blood sugar causes glycosuria. Iatrogenic hypoglycemia, cataracts, lower urinary tract bacterial infection, pancreatitis, ketoacidemia, hepatic lipidosis syndrome, etc. are common complications. Sometimes, animal owners go to the hospital for sudden blindness, and the typical "three more and one less" syndrome is ignored, and at this time the affected dog may develop progressive ketoacidosis.

Canine diabetes can be divided into non-ketonemic diabetes and ketonemic diabetes

① Diabetes without ketosis is characterized by polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia and gradual weight loss. Laboratory tests: blood glucose (GLU), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and cholesterol (CHOL) increased. Urine test: positive for glucose, negative for ketones.

② Diabetes with ketosis is characterized by polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, gradual weight loss, vomiting, and bad breath like rotten apple. Laboratory tests: blood glucose (GLU), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and cholesterol (CHOL) increased. Decreased sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chloride (Cl), and metabolic acidosis. Urine test: urine glucose was positive and urine ketone bodies were positive. Diabetes treatment Unlike blood biochemistry, urine biochemistry is rarely measured accurately. This is because the important information about normal urine composition is the renal excretion rate, not the concentration in the urine, because concentration depends on how much urine is excreted at the same time. In fact, the truly effective methods are the tablet method, sodium nitrosoferricyanide method and Hart's method for measuring total excretion in 24 hours.

Trial belt method

The test strip method is to insert the test strip into the urine and observe the color change 40 seconds after taking it out to determine the hemoglobin content in the urine. The levels of detectable hemoglobin content in urine include non-hemolytic trace, hemolytic trace, small amount (+), medium amount (++) and large amount (+++). The general testing capability of the test strip method is 0.015-0.060mg/dl free hemoglobin, or 5-20 complete red blood cells per microliter of urine. When urine contains a large amount of vitamin C, its positive reaction can be inhibited or delayed. Non-hemolytic trace means that the urine contains more than 5 complete red blood cells/μl and blue spots appear on the test strip.

Urine sediment test

The goal of treatment is to eliminate clinical symptoms secondary to hyperglycemia and glycosuria. Limiting blood sugar fluctuations and maintaining blood sugar concentrations close to normal can help reduce clinical symptoms and prevent complications. During the initial treatment, the dosage of insulin is relatively small and administered twice a day, so that blood sugar is controlled and hypoglycemia and sumuji phenomenon are less likely to occur. The amount of food fed in the diet is particularly important.

Recommended diet for diabetic dogs:

Food ingredients

--Increase fiber content

--Increase digestible carbohydrate content

--Reduce fat content

--Sufficient protein content

Feed canned or sensible whole grains and avoid foods containing monosaccharides, disaccharides and propylene glycol

Calorie intake and obesity

--The daily caloric intake of elderly animals is 40-60k/kg

When obesity exists, eliminate obesity through the following methods:

--Increase daily exercise

--Reduce daily energy intake

--Feeding low-calorie, low-fat, high-fiber or low-calorie, low-fat, low-fiber diet

Feeding plan

--Maintain a fixed amount of energy for each meal

--Maintain a fixed time

--Feed half the food when injecting insulin

​--Dogs who like to eat small amounts and frequent meals continue their feeding pattern

Exercise plays a very important role in maintaining blood sugar control in diabetic dogs. It can mainly promote the decline of blood sugar and eliminate insulin resistance caused by obesity. Exercise can increase the pancreas at the injection siteThe utilization of insulin increases blood and lymph flow, increases blood flow to exercising muscles and stimulates glucose transport into muscle cells. Dogs with diabetes should exercise every day and regularly. Strenuous and occasional exercise must be avoided. In addition, animal owners must be aware of the symptoms of hypoglycemia and have sugary foods such as syrups, candies, food, etc. available.

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