Routine blood test for dogs

It is commonly referred to as routine blood test. It is the most general and basic blood test. Judging the disease by observing the number changes and morphological distribution of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets is one of the commonly used auxiliary examination methods for our veterinarians to diagnose the disease.
1. RBC—number of red blood cells: This indicator is the total number of red blood cells contained in every cubic millimeter of blood. The reference value is 5.50-8.50M/ul. A high number of red blood cells is usually caused by a dog's blood being thick, such as vomiting, diarrhea, or heart failure; anemia can cause a low number of red blood cells.
2. WBC - white blood cell count: refers to the total number of white blood cells in the blood, the reference value is 6.0-16.0 (109/L).
If the actual data is higher than the reference value, there are generally four possibilities: bacterial infection, inflammatory reaction, poisoning reaction and malignant tumor. If it is lower than the reference value, it may be the dying stage caused by viral infection, haemosporidiosis, bacterial infection, shock, aplastic anemia or other diseases.
3. PLT - platelet count: The level of platelets directly reflects the dog's blood coagulation ability. The reference value is 200-900 (109/L). When platelets are reduced, spontaneous bleeding will occur.
An increase in platelets usually indicates a bone marrow hematopoietic disorder or a stress response to an immune blood disease; a decrease in platelets indicates excessive platelet damage caused by bleeding, parasites, or immune system diseases.

Special examination of dog red blood cells

1. HGB - Hemoglobin quantity: Hemoglobin is present in red blood cells and is a substance that transports oxygen to provide the necessary oxygen in the body. The reference value is 120-180g/l . The amount of hemoglobin is an important indicator of whether a dog is anemic. Anemia, bleeding, or iron deficiency will cause the amount of hemoglobin to be low.
2. HCT - Hematocrit: refers to the proportion of red blood cells in whole blood. Its clinical significance is similar to that of red blood cells, but is expressed as a percentage.
The other part of the blood is called serum and contains enzymes, proteins, electrolytes, etc. Increased HCT is a sign of dehydration or an increase in red blood cells caused by a rare bone marrow disorder. A decrease in HCT indicates anemia, bone dysfunction, blood loss, active bleeding, or damage to red blood cells due to poisoning or immune disorders.
3. MCV-mean red blood cell: refers to the average volume of red blood cells.
An elevated MCV usually indicates a vitamin deficiency; a reduced MCV indicates an iron deficiency.
4. MCH—Mean hemoglobin content of red blood cells: It is the average weight of hemoglobin in each red blood cell, which is different from the hemoglobin content of whole blood.
An increase in MCH means that the blood is deprived of oxygen, while a decrease in MCH indicates iron deficiency.
5.MCHC—mean red blood cell hemoglobin concentration: is the average percentage concentration of hemoglobin in each red blood cell.
An increase in MCHC indicates that there is too much hemoglobin in red blood cells, which means there is too much iron in the blood, because the main component of hemoglobin is iron. Blood iron levels that are too high or too low are equally harmful to the body. Decreased MCHC is a sign of anemia.

Special examination of white blood cells for dogs

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes are all white blood cells, which are cells that are active when there is inflammation or antibodies in the blood. , specific values ​​can be obtained through special white blood cell examinations, and in conjunction with the white blood cell examination values ​​in routine examinations, a correct diagnosis can be made.
1. GRAN-neutrophils: Neutrophils have the ability to migrate and phagocytose.
The increase may be caused by acute infection or purulent infection (pneumonia, abscess, etc.), tissue damage, poisoning and malignant tumor bacterial infection. Low levels may be a sign of aplastic anemia or a side effect of certain medications. In addition, GRAN can reflect the level of inflammation and infection in dogs. Continuous detection of this indicator can reflect the effect of medication and guide veterinarians to make timely corrections to the treatment plan.
2. EOS/EO—eosinophils: Eosinophils are related to allergic reactions and have the function of phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes.
Eosinophilia is usually caused by allergies, parasitic diseases, skin diseases, or disgusting tumors. Poisoning, starvation, overexertion, and some kidney diseases can cause basophils to drop below normal.
3. BA-basophils: Basophils are mainly involved in special immune responses.
Increases are common in chronic myelogenous leukemia, cancer metastasis and myelofibrosis.
4. LYM - Number of lymphocytes: Lymphocytes can produce and carry antibodies and play an important role in defending against viral infections.
Excessive levels may be caused by infection with viral or tuberculosis bacteria; lymphopenia may occur in the early stages of immune deficiency, aplastic anemia or acute infection. The LYM count can reflect the overall immune status of the dog and determine whether there is a viral infection and whether there is a possibility of immune-mediated diseases (the symptoms of these diseases are often not very typical).
5. MON-Monocytes: They also have migration and phagocytosis. In addition to phagocytes and foreign bodies, they can also engulf protozoa and Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae with lipid-like envelopes.
The recovery period of acute bacterial infection, monocytic leukemia, etc. can cause an increase in the number of monocytes. Mononuclear cells can reflect whether the dog may have a parasitic infection or allergic disease. Checking the red blood cell index can reflect the possibility of anemia, dehydration, malnutrition, etc., and continuous monitoring can check whichA type of anemia, how effective is the treatment, whether dehydration can be corrected, etc.

Dog blood biochemistry test

is a very important diagnostic method and can provide important information about pet health. Blood chemistry tests can assess the function of internal organs, measure electrolyte levels such as potassium, and determine the levels of circulating enzymes in the body. Reading biochemical test reports is not easy, but you can learn a lot of information.
Generally speaking, a complete set of blood biochemical tests contains twelve items of data. These data reflect the true condition of the dog's body from various aspects such as liver and kidneys, and play an important role in guiding the diagnosis of pet doctors.
1. ALKP liver-alkaline phosphatase (reference standard value: 23 - 212U/L): widely distributed in various organs, among which the liver is the most important animal liver function (bile duct system) index.
Elevated ALKP indicates bile duct obstruction, Cushing's syndrome, liver disease, certain cancers, and may also be caused by certain medications such as steroids or phenobarbital. Too low could indicate hunger or malnutrition.
2. ALT liver-alanine aminotransferase (reference standard value: 10-100U/L): diagnostic index for liver disease in dogs and cats.
ALT will rise significantly when the liver is damaged or diseased. Low values ​​indicate hunger or malnutrition.
3. AST liver-aspartate aminotransferase (reference standard value: 10 - 50U/L): AST and ALT are both enzymes in liver cells. When liver cells are damaged by factors such as inflammation, the levels in the blood AST and ALT will rise.
Other diseases such as destruction of red blood cells, damage to heart cells, injury to muscle cells, etc. will also increase AST, but ALT will not be affected, so it is more accurate to use ALT to judge liver disease.
4. BUN kidney-blood urea nitrogen (reference standard value: 0.7- 27.0mg/dL): It is the final product of protein metabolism, produced by the liver and eliminated by the kidneys, and is one of the kidney indexes. Elevated BUN is generally caused by liver disease, dehydration, high-protein diet, or urinary tract obstruction; hunger and malnutrition can cause BUN to be lower than normal.
5. CREA/CRSC kidney-creatinine (reference standard value: 0.50- 1.80mg/dL): the end product of the metabolism of phosphocreatine, excreted by the kidneys. It is very important for the contractile function of muscles. Kidney disease, urinary tract obstruction, and urinary tract infection will cause an increase in creatinine levels.
6. PHOS kidney-phosphorus (reference standard value: 2.5- 5.9mg/dL): It is an indicator of kidney disease (especially end-stage renal disease).
7. ALB liver and kidney-albumin (reference standard value: 2.8- 4.0g/dL):  is the body's main protein. It carries many different substances into the blood circulation.
Its main function is to maintain colloid osmotic pressure in plasma. Liver disease, kidney disease, dehydration, gastrointestinal disease, or parasites (such as hookworms) can cause albumin abnormalities.
8. CHOL Liver and Kidney - Cholesterol (reference standard value: 100-265mg/dL): Cholesterol is an important substance indispensable for animal tissue cells. It not only participates in the formation of cell membranes, but also synthesizes bile acids, vitamin D and Raw materials for steroid hormones.
Unlike humans, high cholesterol rarely causes cardiovascular disease in dogs, but hypothyroidism often causes elevated cholesterol, which can also indicate liver disease, kidney disease, pancreatitis, diabetes, and malnutrition. Absorption disorders caused by pancreatitis and enteritis, some acute and chronic hepatitis, and chronic inflammation can also cause cholesterol levels to drop.
9. TBIL Hepatobiliary-Total Bilirubin (Reference Standard Value: 0.1-0.7mg/dL): Bile pigment produced by the decomposition of red blood cells in the body, used to evaluate anemia and diseases of the bile duct system. Elevated bilirubin is usually caused by jaundice, but may also be caused by bile duct obstruction, gallbladder obstruction, liver disease, and premature destruction of red blood cells.
10. AMYL pancreatic amylase (reference standard value: 300 - 2000U/L): an indicator of pancreatic disease; usually measured together with LIPA (lipase); to evaluate pancreatic disease. It may also rise in kidney disease.
11. GLU systemic - blood sugar (reference standard value: 77.0-125.0mg/dL): glucose concentration in the blood. If the animal is in poor physical condition and has various diseases (such as diabetes), it will be used. This value is abnormal.
Causes of increased: diabetes, stress (cats), pancreatitis, Cushing's disease and drugs (cortisosteriod). Causes of decrease: liver failure, leiomyoma or infection.
TP systemic - total protein (reference standard value: 5.20-8.20g/dL): It is the most important substance that makes up all the organs and tissues of the body. This indicator indicates the protein content in the animal's body. It is harmful to liver and kidney damage and multiple diseases. Myeloma, etc. have certain diagnostic and differential diagnosis significance.
Dehydration, liver and kidney disease, or gastrointestinal disease can cause it to rise or fall.
12. CA systemic - calcium ions (reference standard value: 8.8-11.2mg/dL): Various diseases, such as improper lactation, nutritional disorders, tumors, renal failure, and bone diseases, will cause calcium ions Numerical anomaly.

Special examination of dog urine

Also called routine urine examination, it is a preliminary examination that cannot be ignored in clinical practice. Many kidney diseases can cause proteinuria or formation in the urine sediment in the early stage. point. Once urinary abnormalities are discovered, is often the first indication of kidney or urinary tract disease, and often provides important clues to the nature of the pathological process. Special urine tests are generally marked with a "+" or "-" sign, negative is (-), positive is (+).

1. GLU-glucose (reference value: (negative) mg/dL): Positive is found in diabetes, hyperthyroidism, anterior pituitary hyperactivity, pheocytoma, pancreatitis, Pancreatic cancer, severe renal insufficiency, etc.
Craniocerebral trauma, cerebrovascular accident, concussion, acute myocardial infarction, etc. may also cause stress diabetes. Excessive intake of high-sugar foods can also cause blood sugar to rise, causing urine glucose to be positive.
2. PRO-proteinuria (reference value: NEG. (negative) mg/dL): Positive is found in various acute and chronic glomerulonephritis, acute pyelonephritis, multiple myeloma, kidney transplantation, various Nephrotic syndrome caused by various reasons.
The damage to renal tubular epithelial cells caused by drug, mercury, mercury and other poisoning can also be positive.
3. BIL - Bilirubin (reference value: NEG. (negative) mg/dL):
Positive is found in obstructive jaundice and obstructive jaundice caused by cholelithiasis, biliary tumors, biliary ascaris, pancreatic head cancer, etc. Hepatocellular jaundice caused by liver cancer, cirrhosis, acute and chronic hepatitis, hepatocyte necrosis, etc.; negative reaction for hemolytic jaundice. When hepatic and obstructive jaundice are combined with severe renal damage, urinary bilirubin will be negative.
4. PH - pH value (reference value: 5.0-7.5): Generally, for dogs and cats, if the food is meat, the urine is acidic; if the food is mixed, the urine is neutral, and the dog is 5- Between 7.5, usually around 6.0.
Normal urine is weakly acidic, and can also be neutral or weakly alkaline. The pH of urine depends to a large extent on the type of diet, medications taken and the type of disease. Urinary pH value lower than normal is common in acidosis, diabetes, gout, leukemia, or taking acidic drugs (such as ammonium chloride). Urinary pH value greater than the normal value is more common in alkalosis, cystitis, or taking alkaline drugs such as sodium bicarbonate.
5. S.G.—Specific gravity (reference value: 1.015-1.045):
Reduced urine specific gravity is common in chronic pyelonephritis, diabetes insipidus, chronic glomerulonephritis, polyuria in acute renal failure, etc. ; Increased urine specific gravity is more common in diabetes, high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, shock, acute glomerulonephritis, and heart failure.