Symptoms of urinary stones in dogs:

1. It is a complication of bladder stones, with frequent urination, but only a small amount of hematuria or no urine at all.

2. The dog appears restless and in pain, has difficulty walking, and has severe pain when palpating the bladder in the posterior abdomen. Long-term urinary annuria may cause uremia.

3. The dog is depressed, vomits, has an ammonia smell in its breath, is dehydrated, and has increased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. The dog's bladder is extremely distended and has severe loss of elasticity, which may lead to bladder rupture.

4. X-ray photography is of great diagnostic significance for urinary system diseases caused by stones.

The causes of urinary stones in dogs:

1. The dog’s drinking water decreases and the salt concentration increases, which promotes the precipitation of crystal substances.

2. Vitamin A deficiency and estrogen excess promote the shedding of epithelial cells to form the core of stones.

3. Urinary tract infection.

4. Metabolic abnormalities can cause cystine stones.

5. Changes in pH value in urine. Phosphates and carbonates tend to precipitate in alkaline urine, while urate, oxalate, and cystine tend to precipitate in neutral or acidic urine.

6. Dogs that eat mainly pure meat have a higher incidence rate.